Sexagesimal divisions of the day from a calendar based on astronomical observation have existed since the third millennium BC, though they were not seconds as we know them today. Camera shutter speeds are often expressed in fractions of a second, such as 1⁄ 30 second or 1⁄ 1000 second. An everyday experience with small fractions of a second is a 1-gigahertz microprocessor which has a cycle time of 1 nanosecond. Though SI prefixes may also be used to form multiples of the second such as kiloseconds (thousands of seconds), such units are rarely used in practice. Multiples of seconds are usually counted in hours and minutes. SI prefixes are frequently combined with the word second to denote subdivisions of the second: milliseconds (thousandths), microseconds (millionths), nanoseconds (billionths), and sometimes smaller units of a second. Digital clocks and watches often have a two-digit seconds counter. Because the speed of Earth's rotation varies and is slowing ever so slightly, a leap second is added at irregular intervals to civil time to keep clocks in sync with Earth's rotation.Īnalog clocks and watches often have sixty tick marks on their faces, representing seconds (and minutes), and a 'second hand' to mark the passage of time in seconds. This current definition was adopted in 1967 when it became feasible to define the second based on fundamental properties of nature with caesium clocks. The second is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency, Δ ν Cs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s −1. The current and formal definition in the International System of Units ( SI) is more precise: The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as 1⁄ 86400 of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). A pendulum-governed escapement of a clock, ticking every second

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